Enzyme subrate reaction

 

 

Lab Report

                                                                                  Biology 101

Prof. Woo

October 02, 2013

 

Reaction time vs. quantity of Substrate

 

By Wilnor Jean

 

 

 

Lab Partners:

Enun Samson

Alejandra Vazquez

Cindy Alvarez

Jonathan OJeesh

 

Introduction

A substrate is a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme and Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for biological reactions. In this experiment we will measure the amount of time it takes for the solution to change color if more substrates are used. The question we need to get answer is:  Does the reaction go slower when the amounts of substrates are increased? And our Hypothesis is:  If more substrates are present then the reaction will go slower.                  

Experiment design:

Material used:

   -  5 test tubes,

- A beaker with substrates

-A beaker of 30 ml of water

-A beaker of 30 ml of   enzymes.

 Create of enzymes: We used potato to extract the enzymes.7

1. 75 g of peeled and cubed potato 250 ml water into a blender

2. Blend at high speed for 1-2 minutes

3. Strain the mixture using a funnel and double layer of cheesecloth.

4. put about 30 ml of the potato juice into each of the 50 ml beakers of the classroom groups

Experiment in action:

-          We label four of these tubes 1 through 4; the remaining tube was used; it served as a control.

-            We   added substrates: 30 drops of substrates in tube number one, 20 drops in tube number two, 10 drops in tube number three, 5 drops in tube number four, and the remaining tube (5) ten ; And then half full( approximate 2 cm) with water.

-          The test tubes have been added with 10 drops of enzymes to each and at approximately the same time we shake them and record the amount of time that each of them takes for the solution to change color.

-          The control test tube (# 5) doesn’t have the potato extract enzyme.

Result:

 Test tube # 5, negative to change in color

    Solution in Test tube # 4 changes to yellow color at approximately 2 minutes.

Solution in tube # 3 reaches the same color as tube 4 at approximately 3 minutes.

Solutions in tube 2 were changed slightly yellow   at approximately 4 minutes.

Solutions in tube 1 were changed slightly yellow   at approximately 6 minutes

The solution in tube number 4 has less substrate, and it takes approximately 2 minutes to react.

The control test tube stayed colorless

Table 1.  Represent the test tubes with the amount of solution and the reactions’ time

Test tubes	Enzymes ( drops)	Substrates ( drops)	water	Result ( recorded time in minutes)
1	10	30	2 cm	6
2	10	20	2 cm	4
3	10	10	2 cm	3
4	10	5	2 cm	2
5	10	0	2 cm	No change

 

Graph1. The Y-as represent the approximately time the solution change color compare to the normal concentration of substrates. The x-as represent the amount drops of substrates in each test tube.

As shown by our graph and table, we can conclude that the higher the concentration of the substrate, the higher the reaction time.

 

 

 

Conclusion

The object of this experiment is to measure the amount of time it takes for the solution to change color if more substrates are used. The result does support my hypothesis. It’s showed that when more substrate is present and the amount enzyme stay the same the reaction goes slower. Even though we could not repeat the experiment to double check it, it showed that how more substrate we added, how longer it took to change color. There was no change in the control tube which means that there was no reaction between the enzyme and water. The most challenges we encounter was the time, we were in such hurry we did not have enough time to truly measure the tubes one by one. I believe if I would have to do this experiment against I would spent more time to double check each tube for accuracy. The other issue was the observation between tube 4 (less substrate) and the rest; the color change was lighter because there was less substrate to turn the color in fully yellow. But it was the first test tube which in the solution change color. I hardly could figure out if there were changes between tube one and two, they were slightly yellow and they stayed for like that. There was no big difference in the reaction times maybe next time we should use greater range concentration (50, 60...).As shown by our graph and table, we can conclude that the higher the concentration of the substrate, the higher the reaction time.

References

Laboratory Investigations Third Edition by; Clark M.B and Riddle M.R.

Wikitionary

 

 

Frederic Douglass "Narrative Of The Life"

The status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised" and slave as "a person in such condition or status"

   

Young African Slavery and the Slave Trade

 

Frederic Douglass, the author of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,  is one of the most prominent figures in African-American history and United States history. An important message in Douglass’ narrative is that slave owners believed that reading and writing would make slaves unhappy about the oppressive and wrong nature of slavery.  To make this point, he uses a variety of rhetorical appeals. He uses narration, explanation and compare and contrast.

Douglass employs logos, pathos compare and contrast effectively to show the   differences of slavery. He compares himself to the white neighbors’ boys. He states that boys will be free by the age of 21 but he is a slave for life. Douglass recalls the boys sympathetically agreeing that he no more deserved to be a slave than they did themselves. Douglass lives in Hugh Auld’s household for about seven years. During this time, he is able to learn how to read and write even though Mrs. Auld was no longer able teach him. She was forbidden from her husband, Mr. Auld, to teach Douglass how to read.  Douglass applies logos in his narrative to explain that slavery hurts Mrs. Auld as much as it hurts Douglass himself. The mentality of slavery strips her of her inherent piety and sympathy for others, making her hardened and cruel.

 

The author explains his kindness turns to cruelty, and she is utterly changed as a person. I believe that this line shows how the author is internalized; the white person in self is not bad but it is the diseases of slaveholding make them bad. The author makes a good comparison by expressing his emotional experiences since his audience might be a slave master too. The good news is Douglass overhears Mr. Auld and experiences a sudden revelation of the strategy white men use to enslave blacks. He now understands what he must do to win his freedom. Douglass is thankful to Hugh Auld for this enlightenment. Douglass elaborates the idea that education brings enlightenment—specifically, enlightenment about the oppressive and wrong nature of slavery.  This enlightenment gives him a sense of being a free slave to encourage his readers and understanding the social injustice of slavery.

 

He   express his need of education by  giving bread to poor local boys in exchange for reading lessons even though he acknowledges that  they would suffer for it , as teaching blacks still constitutes an offense. These boys not only provide the means of Douglass’s education, but also support his growing political convictions.

Sex Trafficking

What is Sex trafficking?

If you really want to know what sex trafficking means " Check this PICTURE           

Sex trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery.

When we hear the words "sex trafficking," as Americans we immediately think of women and children overseas who are being forced into the sex trade or who are brought into the United States for the purpose of sexual exploitation. We don't usually think closer to home. For example, young women we have seen late at night in the street, maybe in short dresses and spikes when we come home from work or a social event. Those women are maybe being forced to be out in the street. Maybe we think this is what they want to do or they wouldn't be out there. Maybe it is easier to believe that it is an empowering choice they have than face the harsh reality of child sexual abuse, physical and mental abuse, and the pimps that prey on the young women and girls. To understand all aspects of sex trafficking in the United States, we have to open our mind and let go of what we have seen or heard on television. I truly, believe that the American is too tolerant of human traffic for the purpose of prostitution, especially undocumented immigrant’s victims. Those victims don’t have any choice because they are undocumented. They don’t want express their feeling to the authority against the trafficker, who most of the time are documented. The federal government’s failure to address the illegal alien dilemma creates and perpetuates an environment in which exploitation runs rampant. There is much information that we do not know about human trafficking due to the secretive nature and fear of the victims involved. The victims live in fear.

Effects Of Anger

 

This image of  the brain shows the junction of the Ancient Brain and the Limbic System. It is a group of cell collection entities important in Anger--the Hippo campus, Hypothalamus, and the Amygdala. Together they help regulate emotions and memory. Individuals operating out of their Omnibus Brain possess a Hippo campus which is ever vigilant in bringing into awareness "common sense" things to do and not do for self-protection; develops clues for how to recognize relatively safe/unsafe circumstances; and forms new memories related to avoiding the problematic.

There are a few potential health consequences of anger. When we become angry, the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) is aroused. For example, the first time you discovered your wife secret’s affair your sympathetic nervous system reacts to the perceived situation. These physiological reactions can lead to increases in cardiovascular responding, in respiration and perspiration, in blood flow to active muscles and in strength. As the anger persists, it will affect many of the body’s systems, such as the cardiovascular, immune, digestive and central nervous systems. This will lead to increased risks of hypertension and stroke, heart disease, gastric ulcers, and bowel diseases, as well as slower wound healing and a possible increased risk of some types of cancers.

Finally, some evidence suggests that violent video games and, perhaps, listening to angry music with violent lyrics may fuel anger and aggression in some people. A few steps people can take when dealing with anger among family members or friends. It is easier when dealing with anger with strangers then family or fiends. With a strangers, it is easiest to use strategies of avoidance such as escape, relaxation, cognitive restructuring and assertive expression.

Directly facing all problems may not be the best solution. Sometimes, avoiding an interaction that is likely to lead to anger is best. For example, allow a spouse to deal with an unfair store clerk or a disruptive child. Relaxation is a great tool to deal with anger. Take deep breaths and focus on allowing the muscles to voluntarily relax for people who like music, Soft music often helps. Recognize that others do good and bad things. This is also a way to solve problem with direct related family members.

 

 

 

How to recognize and deal with anger

Can You recognize an angry face from these pictures?

Everyone knows what it feels like to be angry. But not everyone knows the causes, effects and ways to control anger. In other words every one manages angry differently.

 

Anger is an emotion related to one's psychological interpretation of having been offended, wronged, or denied and a tendency to react through retaliation. Anger can be described as a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation (Videbeck 2001). Anger usually develops in response to the unwanted actions of another person who is perceived to be disrespectful, demeaning, threatening or neglectful. Anger involves certain styles of thinking. For example,” my professor disrespects me in front of my classmate. He shouldn’t be so disrespectful!”  Data indicate that about 25 percent of anger incidents involve thoughts of revenge such as, “I am going to make fun of my professor.” 

The effect of anger in families is usually apparent in the way that members relate with one another. anger happens in daily life among family member.

There are several positive aspects of anger. Anger can be an appropriate response to injustice. For example, in the social movements for equality for blacks, the elderly and women, among others anger played a big role. Anger may also lead to better outcomes in business negotiations as well as an increased motivation to right the wrongs we see in the world. Anger tells others it is important to listen to us – that we feel agitated and it is wise to be alert to our words and actions. It may also lead to compliance by others. Strongly asserting that we were first in line at a store counter may lead to better service. Another example of the positive part of anger, children are more likely listen to us when we are angry. “Don’t play with matches!” when said angrily to a small child, can be lifesaving.

 

 

 

The Impact of Language on our live.

                                       The Impact of Language on our live.

Language is an integral part of our existence and survival. We depend on it to think and communicate on a day-to-day basis and from person to person. Without language, people would not be able to communicate. I believe that language plays a big role in determining  what type  of person  someone is, generally, and it has an effect on choices, as well as lifestyle. Because language is part of our culture, it has become a way of seeing life in a different perspective. Based on the different languages we speak, our perception and/or thoughts of the worldmay improve or change shape. In other words, languages give birth to a worldview.

    

ACT is an approach defined in terms of certain theoretical processes, not a technology per se. Figure 1 illustrates the core processes that are thought to underlie psychopathology. Each of these processes emerges from characteristics of human language and cognition, as specified by Relational Frame Theory.
From this theory's perspective, the most dominant characteristic of human language and cognition is that it is based on learned, relational, and arbitrarily applicable operants, that in turn impact other behavioral processes (Hayes et al., 2001). 
Our cognitive processes are directly linked to the words and symbols we call language. Language can alter the way we think or even control how we encode and decode information. Language can in fact have the ability to do all those things; it can change our values, our identity and even what we can and cannot know. Thus, this would lead to the conclusion that the death of a language “marks the disappearance of a world view.” For example, I speak English with a French accent. In my daily life, I have to cope with such questions; Where are u from? Are you from Nigeria, Ghana etc?  Whenever I say no I am not from the African Continent, they are shocked and then they are curious to know where I am from originally. Based on these experiences, I believe that this linkage can be used to promote racist, sexist, or other discriminatory ideas.

People make assumption based on the language he or she speaks. As another example, if you don’t speak perfect or Standard English, you must be a foreigner or someone with no intellectual background or degree. I don’t think that because I cannot speak the English language to perfection that makes me less intelligent than someone who is born in this country and understands and speaks English fluently. I believe that we should not judge others based on their languages
 

  

My First "CULTURAL PLUNGE"

          Cultural Plunge

 

A cultural plunge is individual exposure to persons or groups markedly different in culture. from the image above is showing the person is plunging into the water, so cultural plunge is  plunging, mixing, interacting within anothers' culture.

 Second assigment for my personal development class is a "cultural plunge".I found the idea of a “cultural plunge” experience, to be a very glamorous one. Participating in a cultural or social experience outside of my  comfort zone is an ideal way to learn about people unlike me , people with other background ,and  beliefs as my. I came up with many ideas for my plunge, ranging from going out to visite a Mexican church, attend a Muslim service, or going to an African church.

               Discussing the experiment with my wife and friends opened my eyes to just how prejudice we are, almost unconsciously, when we are talking about other groups of people. Especially religions; I got many reaction about visiting a mosque, such as a Christian, cannot go to a mosque. Upon analyzing each idea, I thought about what the people might think of me or how they may or may not include me in their service. Each of my concerns stemmed from some preconceived notion I had about that “type” or “group” of people. I too was judging and stereotyping these groups of people before I even knew them, only relating them to my previous assumptions. I believe these assumptions primarily developed from the images I have seen in the media. (Also from my family, friends, religions, and educational systems).

        Finally I choose to attend a church service that is attended by   Ghanaian, Nigerians, Togolese, and Sudanese in City Height. I have chosen that church to clarify the bias/stereotype I had about African Churches. The things I have heard from the media. I believe that cultural group holds different beliefs, values, or has different behaviors than me in some way. I spent 2 hours during the church service. I  Praise and worship the Lord with them. In the beginning I was a little panic.
     
            Naturally,  I am a intimidated person when it comes to first time interact with strangers; I was acted as an observer, but by the time I really interacted with them I felt different, I didn’t feel as stranger any more.  I found that the ambiance was very calm in the beginning, because that is not the way I use to start service. By the time they started with their animation I found it very pleasant, their music, songs etc. What I really pleasant found, when it’s time to worship everybody stand up and worship very loud, for a while.

            My first assumption about that church was   that I thought I wouldn’t understand what they would do, because I don’t understand their language.  And furthermore, I thought they would call me to present myself. I was a little scared of that, because of the language differences, style and / or method of presenting oneself. I was concerned about if my style will fit in their style or not. My assumption was wrong, they don’t even call me.  I know that they would welcome me and my family since I knew that  there will be mostly black people there; there was no doubt in that. After the church service was over, a lot of people came to us, hug me and my family. I felt very different, I felt home even I don’t really understand everyone, but there were a few people who speak English. I shared my phone number with them. I disclosed myself with them. I found that they were very open to share their valuable information with me, a stranger, for the first time. 
         
           Further more, I   found the best way to understand a culture, is to interact with the people in that culture. Then it will be easily for you to put yourself in others shoe, to understand ,  judge them better rather assume. If you believe in diversity, you should try to intercat with people from different culture.